MIMO-OFDM

 

Outline 1.²¤¶ 2. MIMO¨t²Î¤¶²Ð 3. OFDM¨t²Î¤¶²Ð 4.µ²½×

 

1.²¤¶

ªñ年¬ã¨sªí¥Ü¡A³z¹L½s½X§Þ³N¤w¸g¥i¥H¦b³æ¤Ñ½uªº¶Ç¿éÀô¹Ò¤U來¹GªñShannon ¶Ç¿é率ªº理論­È¡AµM¦Ó³o¼Ëªº¶Ç¿é³t率¤w¸g不¨¬¥Hº¡¨¬¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº­n¨D¡A¬°了´M¨D更°ªªº¶Ç¿é率利¥Î¦h­«¤Ñ½uªº§Þ³N來¼W¥[ÀWÃЮÄ率來¹F¨ì¸û°ª³t率¡A¬O¥Ø«e´¶¹MªºÁͶաA¦¹¤@§Þ³NºÙ¬°¦h­«¿é¤J¦h­«¿é¥X¨t²Î¡]MIMO ¨t²Î¡^¡C¦p¦ó利¥ÎMIMO ¨t²Î¦bµL½uªº¶Ç¿é¤¤來¹F¨ì°ª³t¶Ç¿é±N¬O²Ä¥|¥N²¾°Ê³q°T¨t²Î¦¨¥\¹ê²{ªºÃöÂI¡C

 

MIMO¡]Multiple-Input Multiple-Out-put¡^¨t²Î¡A¨ä³Ì¦­¬O¥ÑMarconi ©ó1908 年´£¥Xªº¡A¥¦利¥Î¦h¤Ñ½u來§í¨îÀW¹D°I落¡C®Ú¾Ú¦¬µo兩ºÝ¤Ñ½u數量¡A¬Û¹ï©ó´¶³qªºSISO¡]Single-Input Single-Output¡^¨t²Î¡AMIMO ÁÙ¥i¥H¥]¬ASIMO¡]Single-Input Multiple-Output)¨t²Î©MMISO¡]Multiple-Input Single-Output¡^¨t²Î¡C¦¹®ÉÀW¹D®e量ÀHµÛ¤Ñ½u數量ªº¼W¤j¦Ó½u©Ê¼W¤j¡C¤]´N¬O¥i¥H利¥ÎMIMO ÀW¹D來¦¨­¿¦a´£°ªµL½uÀW¹D®e量¡A¦b不¼W¥[µL½uÀW¼e©M¤Ñ½uµo°e¥\率ªº±¡ªp¤U¡AÀWÃÐ利¥Î率¥i¥H¦¨­¿¦a´£°ª¡CMIMO ¨t²Î¦b¤@©wµ{度¤W¥i¥H利¥Î¶Ç¼½¤¤ªº¦h­«路®|¡A¤]´N¬O說¥i¥H§Ü¦h®|°I落¡AµM¦Ó¹ï©óÀW率¿ï¾Ü©Ê²`°I落¡AMIMO ¨t²Î«o¬OµL¯à¬°力¡C¥Ø«e¸Ñ¨MMIMO ¨t²Î¤¤ªºÀW率¿ï¾Ü©Ê°I落ªº¤è®×¬Oµ²¦XOFDM¡C¥Ø«e¤j¦h數¬ã¨s都»{©wOFDM §Þ³N±N·|¬O4G ªº®Ö¤ß§Þ³N¡A4G¬°»Ý­n·¥°ªÀWÃÐ利¥Î率ªº§Þ³N¡AµM¦ÓOFDM ´£°ªÀWÃÐ利¥Î率ªº§@¥Î¤]¬O¦³­­ªº¡A¦bOFDM ªº°ò¦¤W¦X理¶}µoªÅ¶¡¸ê·½¡A´N¬OMIMO ¥[¤JOFDM¡A±N¥i¥H´£¨Ñ更°ªªº數¾Ú¶Ç¿é³t率¡C¥t¥~OFDM ¥Ñ©ó½X率§C©M¥[¤J了®É¶¡«OÅ@¶¡¹j¦Ó¨ã¦³·¥±jªº§Ü¦h®|¤zÂZ¯à力¡C¥Ñ©ó¦h®|©µ¿ð¤p©ó«OÅ@¶¡¹j¡A©Ò¥H¨t²Î不¨ü½X¶¡¤zÂZ(ISI)ªº§xÂZ¡C

 

OFDM ¥Ñ©ó¨ã¦³¸û°ªªºÀWÃЮÄ率©M©è§Ü¦h®|¤zÂZªº¯à力¡A¦¨¬°¥Ø«e¸Ñ¨M°ª³t數¾Ú¶Ç¿éªº¥D流§Þ³N¤§¤@¡A¤w¦¨¥\¥Î©óDVB¡BADSL ¥H¤Î802.11 ¨t²Î¡A¨Ï¨ä¦bµL½u²¾°Ê³q°T¤¤ªºÀ³¥Î¨ã¦³良¦nªº°ò¦¡C¥¿¥æ¤ÀÀW¦h¤u(OFDM)¥i¥Hµø¬°¤@ºØ½ÕÅܧ޳N¡A¤]¥iµø¬°¤@ºØ¦h¤uªº§Þ³N¡COFDM ¬O¤@ºØ¦h¸üªi(Multicarrier)ªº¶Ç°e¤è¦¡¡A±N±ý¶Ç°eªº¸ê料串¡A³z¹L數­Ó¶Ç¿é³t率¸û§Cªº¤l¸üªi來¶Ç°e¡C¨Ï¥ÎOFDM ªºÀuÂI¤§¤@¬O¹ï©óÀW率¿ï¾Ü©Ê°I´î(Frequency Selective Fading) ©Î¯¶ÀW¤zÂZ(Narrowband Interference)¦³¸û¨Îªº©è§Ü¯à力¡C¦b³æ¤@¸üªi¨t²Î¤¤¡A例¦pGSM ¨t²Î¡A³q¹Dªº¦UºØ°I落®ÄÀ³¥i¯à·|³y¦¨¾ã­Ó³q°Tªº¤¤Â_¡A¦ý¦b¦h¸üªiªº¨t²Î¤¤¡A¦]¨C­Ó¸üªi¦P®É¨ü¨ì°I落¦Ó¤¤Â_ªº¾÷率«Ü¤p¡A¬G¥i¥Î¿ù»~更¥¿½s½X(Error Correction Coding)§Þ³N±N³o¨Ç¿ù»~更¥¿¡A ³oºØÆ[念´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº¥­行¸ê料¶Ç¿é(Parallel Data Transmission)¤Î¤ÀÀW¦h¤u(Frequency Division Multiplexing)¡A¨Ãµ²¦XÀW率¤À¶°(Frequency Diversity)µ¥§Þ³N¡C

 

©Ò¥HMIMO-OFDM ªºµ²¦X ¬O¥Ø«e³Qµø¬°²Ä¥|¥N³q°T¨t²Î¤¤¸û¨ã¼ç力ªº¤èªk¡A¥Ñ©óµ²¦X了MIMO »POFDM 兩ºØ§Þ³N¡A¦]¦¹¨ã¦³兩ªÌªºÀuÂI¡C

1.¥i´£¤É¨t²Îlink «~½è¡GMIMO-OFDM ¥i利¥Î®É¶¡¡BÀW率©MªÅ¶¡ªº¤T­Ó¦Û¥Ñ度¡A¨ÏµL½u¶Ç¿é¨t²Î¹ïÂø°T¡B¤zÂZ¤Î¦h路®|¤§®e§Ô度¤j´T´£¤É¡C

2.´£¤ÉÀWÃШϥήÄ率¡G´N´£°ª¨t²Î¶Ç¿é率ªº¥Ø¼Ð¦Ó¨¥¡A³æ¯Â¨Ï¥ÎOFDM§Þ³Nªº³q°T¨t²Î»Ý­n¼W¥[¦¸¸üªiªº數量¡A¦p¦¹±N³y¦¨¨t²ÎÀW¼e»Ý¨D¤Î½ÆÂø度¼W¥[¡A³o¹ïÀW¼e©M¥\率¨ü­­ªºµL½u³q°T¨t²Î¸û不¾A¦X¡C¦ý若µ²¦X了MIMO§Þ³N¡A«hOFDM¨t²Î§Y¯à¦b不¼W¥[ÀW¼e©M¥\率ªº«e´£¤U¡A´£°ª¨t²Îªº®e量©MÀWÃШϥήÄ率¡C

 

2. MIMO¨t²Î¤¶²Ð

¦h¿é¤J¦h¿é¥X¡]Multi-input Multi-output ; MIMO¡^¬O¤@ºØ¥Î¨Ó´y­z¦h¤Ñ½uµL½u³q°T¨t²Îªº©â¶H¼Æ¾Ç¼Ò«¬¡A¯à§Q¥Îµo®gºÝªº¦h­Ó¤Ñ½u¦U¦Û¿W¥ßµo°e°T¸¹¡A¦P®É¦b±µ¦¬ºÝ¥Î¦h­Ó¤Ñ½u±µ¦¬¨Ã«ì´_­ì¸ê°T¡C¸Ó§Þ³N³Ì¦­¬O¥Ñ°¨¥i¥§©ó1908¦~´£¥Xªº¡A¥L§Q¥Î¦h¤Ñ½u¨Ó§í¨î³q¹D°I¸¨¡]fading¡^¡C®Ú¾Ú¦¬µo¨âºÝ¤Ñ½u¼Æ¶q¡A¬Û¹ï©ó´¶³qªº³æ¿é¤J³æ¿é¥X¨t²Î¡]Single-Input Single-Output¡ASISO¡^¡AMIMO ¦¹Ãþ¦h¤Ñ½u§Þ³N©|¥]§t¦­´Á©Ò¿×ªº¡u´¼¼z«¬¤Ñ½u¡v¡A¥ç§Y³æ¿é¤J¦h¿é¥X¨t²Î¡]Single-Input Multi-Output¡ASIMO¡^©M¦h¿é¤J³æ¿é¥X¨t²Î¡]Multiple-Input Single-Output¡AMISO¡^¡C

¥Ñ©ó MIMO ¥i¥H¦b¤£»Ý­n¼W¥[ÀW¼e©ÎÁ`µo°e¥\²v¯Ó·l¡]transmit power expenditure¡^ªº±¡ªp¤U¤j´T¦a¼W¥[¨t²Îªº¸ê®Æ§]¦R¶q¡]throughput¡^¤Î¶Ç°e¶ZÂ÷¡A¨Ï±o¦¹§Þ³N©óªñ´X¦~¨ü¨ì³\¦hÆf¥Ø¡CMIMO ªº®Ö¤ß·§©À¬°§Q¥Î¦h®Úµo®g¤Ñ½u»P¦h®Ú±µ¦¬¤Ñ½u©Ò´£¨Ñ¤§ªÅ¶¡¦Û¥Ñ«×¨Ó¦³®Ä´£¤ÉµL½u³q°T¨t²Î¤§ÀWÃЮIJv¡A¥H´£¤É¶Ç¿é³t²v¨Ã§ïµ½³q°T«~½è¡C

SISO¡BSIMO¡BMISO©MMIMO¨t²Î¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y

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ªÅ¶¡´_¥ÎMIMO¨t²Îªº¥X²{¤w§l¤Þ¤F²³¦h¤HªºÃöª`¡CªÅ¶¡´_¥ÎMIMO¤èªk¤w³Q«Øij¥Î¨Ó¸Ñ¨M¥ô¦ó/©Ò¦³µL½u³q«H°ÝÃD¡C¹ê»Ú¤W¡A¦³¥|ºØ¿W¥ßªº¦h¤Ñ½uMIMO§Þ³N¥i¨Ñ¨t²Î³]­p®v¿ï¾Ü¡C

Ø  ªÅ¶¡´_¥Î(SM-MIMO)¡C¦bµL½u«H¹Dªº¥»©º¼Ò¦¡(eigen-mode)¡A¦h­Ó¤Ñ½u³Q¥Î¨Ó³Ð¥ßªÅ¶¡¤W¿W¥ßªºÃì±µ¡CªÅ¶¡´_¥Î¨t²Î³q¹L¦b¤£¦Pµo®g¤Ñ½u¤Wµo®g¤£¦P¼Æ¾Ú¨Ó´£¤É§]¦R²v¡A³o¼Ë´N¥i¦b¤£¼W¥[±a¼eªº«e´£¤U¡AÅãµÛ´£¤É§]¦R²v¡CªÅ¶¡´_¥Î¨t²Îªº¯ÊÂI¬O¦b±µ¦¬¾¹°¼»Ý°ª«×½ÆÂøªº¯x°}Âà´«¾Þ§@¡A¦Ó¥B·í¨t²Î¶i¤J¡u¥þ´_¥Î¡v(ªÅ¶¡¬y¼Æµ¥©óµo®g¤Ñ½u¼Æ¡A¤]´Nµ¥©ó±µ¦¬¤Ñ½u¼Æ)¼Ò¦¡®É¡A¹ï«H¹D·l®`§ó±Ó·P¡C

Ø  ªÅ-®É½s½X(STC-MIMO)¡CªÅ¶¡-®É¶¡½s½X¨t²Î³q¹L¦b¤À§O©w¸q¬°®É¶¡¡BÀW²v©MªÅ¶¡ªº¤T§¤¼Ð«H¥O¨t²Î¥~¼W¥[¤¾§Eªº¤èªk¨ÓÀò±o½s½X¼W¯q¡C¥¦­ÌÁÙ¥i¥Î©ó´£¨Ñµo®g¦h¼Ë©Ê¼W¯q¡C»PªÅ¶¡´_¥Î¨t²Î¤ñ¡ASTC-MIMO¨t²Î¦b´£°ª³q«H¾|´Î©Ê®É¨Ã¤£ÅãµÛ¼W¥[§]¦R²v¼W¯q¡C¦¹¥~¡ASTC-MIMO«Ü¾A¦Xµo®g¾¹¤]³\¨Ï¥Î¦h©ó±µ¦¬¾¹¤Ñ½uªº«D¹ïºÙ±ø¥ó¡C

Ø  ¤À¶°¨t²Î(DIV-MIMO)¡C¤À¶°¬O¦h¤Ñ½u³B²zªº¶Ç²Î§ÎºA¡A¥¦¦bµo®g¾¹©M±µ¦¬¾¹¶¡³Ð«Ø¿W¥ß«H¹D¡A¨Ã¦b¥þ³¡¿W¥ß«H¹D¤Wµo®g¬Û¦P«H¸¹¨Ã±N±µ¦¬¨ìªº«H¸¹¥H³ÌÀu¤Æªº¤è¦¡²Õ¦X°_¨Ó¡A¯àÀ³¹ï§Ö³t°I´îªº¼vÅT¡C

Ø  ´¼¯à¤Ñ½u(SA-MIMO)¨t²Î¡C¥¦¬O¤@ºØ¥i¦b¯S©w«ü¦V¤W¦Û°Ê¾AÀ³ªi§ô©Îªi§ô¹sÂI(beam-null)ªº¦Û¾AÀ³¬Û°}¤Ñ½u¨t²Î¡C

MIMO¦b­x¨Æ³q«H»â°ìªºÀ³¥Î

MIMO§Þ³Nªº¹ê¦b¦n³B¨Ã«D¶È¬O²³æ¦a´£¤É§]¦R²v©Î¥i¾a©Ê¡A¦Ó¬O·í«ê¨ì¦n³B¦a»P®gÀWªº¨ä¥¦¦]¯Àµ²¦X°_¨Ó®É¡AMIMO¥i¹ê²{¯u¥¿¨ã¦³Â×´I¼Ò¦¡ªº®gÀW¡X¡X¦Ó³o¥¿¬O¾A¦X©ó°ª¼ÓªL¥ßªº³£¥«¥H¤Î´ËªL¦a±a©Ò¨ã¦³ªº«Dµø°ì(NLOS)Àô¹Òªº²z·Q®gÀW§Þ³N¡C³oºØ¯à¤O¨Ï¤ä«ùMIMOªº¨t²Î®i¥Ü¥X¶W¶V¥H©¹³æ¤Ñ½u®gÀWªº¼u©Ê¨Ã¯à§ó¦n¦aº¡¨¬¾Ô°«¤H­û©M¾Þ§@Àô¹Òªº»Ý­n¡C

¥Î©ó­x¨Æ³q«Hªº¨Ò¤l¡G

Ø   ¹ï³q«H¤¤¤ß¨ÓÁ¿(§Y¡G¦a­±«ü´§©Ò¡BÄ¥¹ï©¤©ÎÄ¥¹ïÄ¥³q«H)¡A¦b°ª§]¦R²v¼Ò¦¡¥i¥H°ª©ó100Mbpsªº³t²v¶Ç¿é¼Æ¾Ú¡C

Ø   ¦b«DNLOSÀô¹Ò¡A®gÀW¥i§Q¥Î¤@ºØª«²z¼Ò¦¡(¦p§â¼Æ¾Ú³t²v­°§C¬°10Mbps)¥H´«¨ú§ó°ªªºªA°È½è¶q(QoS)¡C¦b«°¥«Àô¹Ò¤¤¦b¤£¦Pµó¹D¦æ¶iªº¤@¶¤©Z§J¥iÄ~Äò¶i¦æ¥æ¤e³q«H¡C

Ø   ¦b§Q¥Î¤zÂZ¸Ë¸m¤O¹Ï¬IÂZ³q«HªºÀô¹Ò¤U¡A¤@­Ó³q¹L¦h­Ó«H¹Dµo°e¤¾¾l¼Æ¾Úªº¼Ò¦¡¥i½T«O±µ¦¬¾÷±µ¦¬¨ì¥¼³Q¤zÂZªº¼Æ¾Ú¡C§¹¾ã©Ê©M¤@­P©Ê¥i¬@±Ï¥Í©R¨Ã¦³§U©ó¨Ï©Rªº§¹¦¨¡C

Ø   ¦b²¾°ÊÀô¹Ò(§Y¡G¦b¶}Áï¦a±a¦æ¾pªº©Z§J©Î­x¨®¡B·j¯Á¥Ø¼Ð°Ï°ìªºµL¤H¾r¾p°»¹î¾÷)¡A¥i±Ä¥Î¥t¤@­Ó¼Ò¦¡¦b§Ö³t²¾°Êªº¥Ø¼Ð¶¡¹ê²{°ª³t¼Æ¾Ú³q«H¡C

Ø   ¹ïÁô½ªÀ³¥Î¡A¤@¨Ç¤è®×¥i­É§UÂ×´IªºMIMO¼Ò¦¡¡A¦p±Ä¥Î¶W§Cµo®g¥\²v¼Ò¦¡¡B¥H­°§Cªº¼Æ¾Ú³t²vµo®g¼Æ¾Ú¨Ó®øÁô¹q®ð²ª¸ñ¡C

Ø   ¹ï¹ê®ÉµøÀWºÊµøÀ³¥Î(§Y¡GÃä¬É©Î©PÃäºÊ±±¡B¹ê®É¾Ô³õºÊ±±)¦Ó¨¥¡A¥i±Ä¥Î°ª§]¦R²v¡B°ªQoS¼Ò¦¡¡C

Ø   ¹ïºôª¬ºô¨Ó»¡¡A¤@¨Ç¤è®×­É§U¤F©Ò¦³¤Ï®gªº¦n³B(§Y¡G«H¸¹·|¦b¼Æ¦Ê½ø¸Ë¥Ò¨®½ø¶¡µo¥Í¤Ï®g©M§é®g)¨Ó´£¤É©Ê¯à¡A»P¦¹¬Û¤ñ¡A¥Ø«eªº³æ¤Ñ½u¨t²Î¦b­V¨è¡B±j¤zÂZÀô¹Ò¤UµLªk¥¿±`¤u§@¡C

 

3. OFDM¨t²Î¤¶²Ð

¥¿¥æ¤ÀÀW¦h¤u (OFDM)¦b 1960¦~¥N¤¤´Á´N¤w¸g³Q´£¡A¦ý¬O·í®É»s§@¥¿¥æ¦h¸üªiªºµwÅé¬Û·í§xÃø¥B©ù¶Q,¤S¥[¤W·í®Éªº¼Æ¦ì«H¸¹³B²z§Þ³N¤]¤£µo¹F,¦]¦¹¥¿¥æ¤ÀÀW¦h¤u¦¹¶µ§Þ³N¨Ã¨S¦³¼sªxªº¨Ï¥Î¡Cª½¨ì1971¦~Weistein¤Î Ebert´£¥X§Q¥ÎÂ÷´²³Å¥ß¸­Âà´«(DFT)¨Ó¨ú¥NÃþ¤ñ¦h¸üªiªº³]­p¡A OFDMªº§Þ³N¤~Àò±o­«µø¡C±µµÛ 1980¦~Peled¤ÎRuiz´£¥X§Q¥Î´`Àô¦r­º (Cyclic Prex, CP)¨Ó¸Ñ¨M¦h­«¸ô®|¤zÂZ¤UªºInter Symbol Interference(ISI)ªº°ÝÃD¡C

¦b OFDM¨t²Î¤¤,¿é¤J«H¸¹­n¥H°Ï¶ô³B²z,¸g¹L¤Ï§Ö³t³Å¥ß¸­Âà´« (In­verse Fast Fourier Transform, IFFT)«á,¦A¸g¹L¤@³s¦êªº³B²z¶Ç°e¥X¥h¡C¦b³q°T¨t²Î¤¤,®Ú¾Ú¸üªiªº­Ó¼Æ¥i¥H°Ï¤À¬°³æ¤@¸üªi(Single Carrier)»P¦h¸üªi(Multi Carrier)¨âºØ³q°T¨t²Î¡C³æ¤@¸üªi´N¬O±N±ý¶Ç¿éªº°T¸¹¸ü¦b°ß¤@ªº¤@­Ó¸üªi¤W¨Ì§Ç¶Ç¿é°T¸¹ ,¦Ó¦h¸üªi¨t²Î§Y¬O±N±ý¶Ç¿éªº°T¸¹¤À°t¨ì¦h­Ó¸üªi¤W°µ¥­¦æ¶Ç¿é, OFDM¨t²Î§Y¬°¤@ºØ¦h¸üªi³q°T¨t²Î¡C

¶Ç²Îªº¦h¸üªi¨t²Î¬O±N¾ã­Ó¶Ç¿éÀW±a¤Á¤À¦¨N­Ó¨S¦³¤¬¬Û­«Å|ªº¤l¸üªi (Subcarrier),¨Ã¥B¤l¸üªi»P¤l¸üªi¤§¶¡·|¦³¤@¬q«OÅ@ÀW±a,¨ÓÁקK¨C­Ó¤l¸üªi¶Ç¿é©Ò²£¥Íªº¥æ¤¬¶¡¤zÂZ,³oºØ¤èªk§Y¬O¤ÀÀW¦h¤u¡CÁöµM³oºØ¤èªk¯à§Q¥Î¦h¸üªi¶Ç¿é,¨Ã¥B¨ã¦³ÁקK¨C­Ó¤l¸üªi¦b¶Ç¿é¹Lµ{¤¤²£¥Í¤¬¬Û¤zÂZ¤§ÀuÂI¡A¦ý¬O³oºØ¤èªk¦bÀW¼eªº¨Ï¥Î®Ä²v¤W«o¬O¤Q¤Àªº®ö¶OÀW¼e,¦p¹Ï1©Ò¥Ü¡C©ó¬O§Q¥Î¨â¨â¤l¸üªi¥¿¥æ§Y¤£·|²£¥Í¥æ¤¬¶¡¤zÂZªº·§©À¡A¨Ï±o¨t²Îªº¤l¸üªi¨â¨â¥¿¥æ,¦]¦¹¤l¸üªi¤§¶¡¥u¶·«O«ù³Ì¤pªº¶¡¹j 1/T ¡A³o¼Ë´N¥i¥H¨Ï¤l¸üªi¦bÀWÃФW­«Å|¦Ó¤£·|¤¬¬Û¤zÂZ,¨Ã¥B¯à¦³®Äªº¸`¬ÙÀW¼e¡A¦p¹Ï 2©Ò¥Ü¡C³oºØ§Q¥Î¤l¸üªi¤¬¬Û¥¿¥æ,ÁקK©¼¦¹¶¡¤zÂZ,¦Ó¥B¦³®Ä¸`¬ÙÀW¼eªº¯S©Ê¡A©Ò³]­pªº¨t²Î§YºÙ¬°OFDM¨t²Î¡C

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¹Ï2. OFDM¨t²ÎÀW±a¨Ï¥Î

 

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